Andi Besse Rimba, Yukiko Hirabayashi, Yuzuru Kawamitsu, Taikan Oki, Masashi Kiguchi, Daisuke Tokuda, Naota Hanasaki, Zhipin Ai, Toshichika Iizumi, Noriko Nozaki, Wonsik Kim
Received 14 November, 2023
Accepted 6 February, 2024
Published online 7 June, 2024

Andi Besse Rimba¹⁾, Yukiko Hirabayashi¹⁾, Yuzuru Kawamitsu¹⁾, Taikan Oki²⁾, Masashi Kiguchi²⁾, Daisuke Tokuda²⁾, Naota Hanasaki³⁾, Zhipin Ai⁴⁾, Toshichika Iizumi⁵⁾, Noriko Nozaki⁵⁾, Wonsik Kim⁵⁾

1) Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan
2) The University of Tokyo, Japan
3) National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
4) Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
5) National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan

The United Nations has reported that the world is off track to achieve water sustainability and this has been exacerbated by climate change. Studies indicate that water-related sustainable development goals (SDGs) have significant synergies and trade-offs involving various sectors. We measure the synergies and trade-offs between climate actions (mitigation and adaptation) and five water-related SDG targets based on a global numerical simulation driven by climate change and socioeconomic scenarios. We found that synergies outweigh trade-offs in all regions regarding water-related targets, with an approximately five-fold difference in the globally affected population. The main trade-off source is increased water use due to economic development in Africa and Central/South America, and increased irrigation water if bio-energy crop production is enhanced in Africa, suggesting that more coordinated policy-making is needed between climate action and water management.

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